Integrated effect of energy consumption, economic development, and population growth on CO 2 based environmental degradation: a case of transport sector.

The transportation sector consumes 25% of world energy with 23% of the world's total carbon emission. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the integrated effect of fossil fuel source of energy consumption, economic development, and total population on CO ₂ emission based on environmental degradation transportation sector. We employed the econometric methodologies such as a hybrid error correction model, regression coefficients, platykurtic distribution, Dickey-Fuller test, and co-integration test in order to justify empirical analysis for Pakistan transport sector. Results reveal that an increase in economic growth, urbanization, and energy consumption increased transport-based environmental degradation urbanization. Moreover, very interestingly, during this period, energy consumption has increased by 13.5%, and it shows a high dependence of economic growth on energy consumption. Further, the CO ₂ emission and energy consumption per capita has a positive relationship. Finally, this study has proposed some suggestion for policy and decision-makers to mitigate environmental degradation as well as make transport sector environmentally sustainable.