Behavioural inhibition and valuation of gain/loss are neurally distinct from approach/withdrawal.

Gain or omission/termination of loss produces approach; while loss or omission/termination of gain produces withdrawal. Control of approach/withdrawal motivation is distinct from valuation of gain/loss and does not entail learning - making "reward" and "punishment" ambiguous. Approach-withdrawal goal conflict engages a neurally distinct Behavioural Inhibition System, which controls "anxiety" (conflict/passive avoidance) but not "fear" (withdrawal/active avoidance).