Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization of 1- 13 C-Acetates and 1- 13 C-Pyruvates Using Sidearm Hydrogenation of Vinyl, Allyl, and Propargyl Esters.

¹³ C-hyperpolarized carboxylates, such as pyruvate and acetate, are emerging molecular contrast agents for MRI visualization of various diseases, including cancer. Here we present a systematic study of ¹ H and ¹³ C parahydrogen-induced polarization of acetate and pyruvate esters with ethyl, propyl and allyl alcoholic moieties. It was found that allyl pyruvate is the most efficiently hyperpolarized compound from those under study, yielding 21% and 5.4% polarization of ¹ H and ¹³ C nuclei, respectively, in CD ₃ OD solutions. Allyl pyruvate and ethyl acetate were also hyperpolarized in aqueous phase using homogeneous hydrogenation with parahydrogen over water-soluble rhodium catalyst. ¹³ C polarization of 0.82% and 2.1% was obtained for allyl pyruvate and ethyl acetate, respectively. ¹³ C-hyperpolarized methanolic and aqueous solutions of allyl pyruvate and ethyl acetate were employed for in vitro MRI visualization, demonstrating the prospects for translation of the presented approach to biomedical in vivo studies.