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Lethal and Sublethal Toxicity of Thiamethoxam and Clothianidin Commercial Formulations to Soil Invertebrates in a Natural Soil.
- Source :
-
Environmental toxicology and chemistry [Environ Toxicol Chem] 2019 Oct; Vol. 38 (10), pp. 2111-2120. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Aug 01. - Publication Year :
- 2019
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Abstract
- The use of neonicotinoids in agriculture is a critical environmental protection issue. Although there has been considerable research on pollinator exposure and aquatic toxicological effects, few studies have investigated the chronic impacts on soil-dwelling species. Given the application of neonicotinoids into soil systems, there is the potential for risk to soil invertebrates. The toxicity of 2 commercial formulations containing the active ingredients (a.i.) thiamethoxam (Actara <superscript>®</superscript> 240SC) or clothianidin (Titan™) was investigated using 3 soil invertebrate species: Oppia nitens, Eisenia andrei, and Folsomia candida. No adverse effects were observed for O. nitens at the highest tested concentrations (≥92 mg a.i./kg dry soil) after a 28-d exposure. Exposure to clothianidin resulted in a 28-d median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.069 (95% confidence limits: 0.039-0.12) mg/kg dry soil for F. candida, and a 56-d IC50 of 0.26 (0.22-3.2) mg a.i./kg dry soil for E. andrei. Exposure to thiamethoxam was less toxic, with IC50s of 0.36 (0.19-0.66) and 3.0 (2.2-4.0) mg a.i./kg dry soil for F. candida and E. andrei reproduction, respectively. The observed toxicity for F. candida adult survival and reproduction and for E. andrei reproduction occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations. However, because clothianidin is a degradation product of thiamethoxam, and detection of clothianidin rose to levels of concern in the thiamethoxam-amended soils over time, the observed toxicity may be partly attributed to the presence of clothianidin. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2111-2120. © 2019 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.<br /> (© 2019 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.)
- Subjects :
- Animals
Arthropods drug effects
Arthropods growth & development
Guanidines chemistry
Insecticides chemistry
Insecticides toxicity
Neonicotinoids chemistry
Oligochaeta drug effects
Oligochaeta growth & development
Reproduction drug effects
Soil Pollutants chemistry
Thiamethoxam chemistry
Thiazoles chemistry
Toxicity Tests
Guanidines toxicity
Neonicotinoids toxicity
Soil Pollutants toxicity
Thiamethoxam toxicity
Thiazoles toxicity
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1552-8618
- Volume :
- 38
- Issue :
- 10
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Environmental toxicology and chemistry
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 31211447
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4521