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Patterns of Comorbidity Among Bereaved Family Members 14 Years after the September 11th, 2001, Terrorist Attacks.
- Source :
-
Journal of traumatic stress [J Trauma Stress] 2019 Aug; Vol. 32 (4), pp. 526-535. Date of Electronic Publication: 2019 Jun 17. - Publication Year :
- 2019
-
Abstract
- Studies of terrorism-related deaths are few and mostly focus on short-term effects. To characterize long-term bereavement outcomes, including resilience/recovery and patterns of comorbidity, following the September 11, 2001 (9/11), terrorist attacks, we report mental health conditions and grief-related impairment in 454 9/11 bereaved family members. In addition, the contribution of non-9/11 lifetime traumas, pre-9/11 mental health conditions, post-9/11 interim life events, grief services, income adequacy, and social support were examined. Latent class analyses yielded three groups: healthy, comorbid without PTSD (comorbid/noPTSD), and comorbid with PTSD and impaired (comorbid/PTSD+I). Participants in the healthy group (66.1%) were least likely to meet thresholds for mental conditions, whereas those in the comorbid/noPTSD (21.3%) and comorbid/PTSD+I (12.6%) groups had higher probabilities of meeting depression, grief, and anxiety thresholds. These groups also endorsed more negatively valenced post-9/11 interim life events than the healthy group: comorbid/noPTSD vs. healthy, odds ratio (OR) = 0.84, 95% CI [0.76, 0.94]; comorbid/PTSD+I vs. healthy, OR = 0.85, 95% CI [0.76, 0.96]. Comorbid/PTSD+I was the only group with elevated probabilities of meeting clinical thresholds for PTSD (.64) and grief-related impairment (.94). This group was also more likely to include bereaved parents: comorbid/PTSD+I vs. healthy, OR = 12.96, 95% CI [1.97, 85.41]; comorbid/PTSD+I vs. comorbid/noPTSD, OR = 15.55, 95% CI [1.63, 148.41]); and to experience more non-9/11 lifetime traumas: comorbid/PTSD+I vs. healthy, OR = 4.34, 95% CI [1.28, 14.70]; comorbid/PTSD+I vs. comorbid/noPTSD, OR = 6.54, 95% CI [1.53, 27.95]. Clinical and community programs should target this high-risk group to identify individuals in need of services.<br /> (© 2019 International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.)
- Subjects :
- Aged
Anxiety epidemiology
Anxiety psychology
Case-Control Studies
Comorbidity
Depression epidemiology
Depression psychology
Female
Humans
Latent Class Analysis
Life Change Events
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Middle Aged
Severity of Illness Index
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic psychology
Bereavement
Family psychology
September 11 Terrorist Attacks psychology
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic epidemiology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1573-6598
- Volume :
- 32
- Issue :
- 4
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Journal of traumatic stress
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 31206211
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22407