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The Relations Among Depression, Cognition, and Brain Volume in Professional Boxers: A Preliminary Examination Using Brief Clinical Measures.
- Source :
-
The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation [J Head Trauma Rehabil] 2019 Nov/Dec; Vol. 34 (6), pp. E29-E39. - Publication Year :
- 2019
-
Abstract
- Objective: Depression, neuropathology, and cognitive decline are commonly observed with repetitive head injuries (RHIs). We examined whether in boxers (a) clinically significant depression is associated with structural brain changes and cognition; (b) minimal symptoms of depression moderate the relations among RHI and brain volumes and cognition; and (c) baseline depression is associated with longitudinal cognitive changes.<br />Setting: Clinical Research Center.<br />Participants: A total of 205 male professional boxers.<br />Design: Cross-sectional and longitudinal (subsample: n = 45; first visit to follow-up range = 1-6 years; mean = 2.61 years).<br />Main Measures: Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression; CNS Vital Signs cognitive battery; brain imaging.<br />Results: Clinically significant depression was associated with smaller regional volumes in insula, cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex, thalami, and middle corpus-callosum subregions; and with poorer verbal memory and psychomotor speed performance. Depression symptoms moderated the relations between RHI and bilateral thalami, left hippocampus, left medial orbitofrontal cortex, and bilateral insula volumes; but not cognition. Baseline depression was associated with poorer psychomotor speed and reaction time longitudinally and improved verbal memory performance longitudinally.<br />Conclusion: Clinical depression is associated with volumetric and cognitive changes occasioning RHI exposure, and even minimal depressive symptoms may moderate the relations between exposure and brain volumes in key regions. Longitudinally, there is preliminary evidence that depression precedes cognitive changes.
- Subjects :
- Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Cognition Disorders epidemiology
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depressive Disorder epidemiology
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Memory
Middle Aged
Psychomotor Performance
Reaction Time
Surveys and Questionnaires
Time Factors
Young Adult
Boxing psychology
Brain pathology
Cognition Disorders pathology
Depressive Disorder pathology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1550-509X
- Volume :
- 34
- Issue :
- 6
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 31033751
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1097/HTR.0000000000000495