Is F 1 -ATPase a Rotary Motor with Nearly 100% Efficiency? Quantitative Analysis of Chemomechanical Coupling and Mechanical Slip.

We present a chemomechanical network model of the rotary molecular motor F ₁ -ATPase which quantitatively describes not only the rotary motor dynamics driven by ATP hydrolysis but also the ATP synthesis caused by forced reverse rotations. We observe a high reversibility of F ₁ -ATPase, that is, the main cycle of ATP synthesis corresponds to the reversal of the main cycle in the hydrolysis-driven motor rotation. However, our quantitative analysis indicates that torque-induced mechanical slip without chemomechanical coupling occurs under high external torque and reduces the maximal efficiency of the free energy transduction to 40-80% below the optimal efficiency. Heat irreversibly dissipates not only through the viscous friction of the probe but also directly from the motor due to torque-induced mechanical slip. Such irreversible heat dissipation is a crucial limitation for achieving a 100% free-energy transduction efficiency with biological nanomachines because biomolecules are easily deformed by external torque.