Exposure to spinosad induces histopathological and cytotoxic effects on the salivary complex of the non-target predator Podisus nigrispinus.

In integrated pest management systems, biological and chemical controls must be compatible. The insecticide spinosad affects some non-target insects and might compromise their fitness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the histopathological and cytotoxic effects of spinosad on the salivary complex of the predatory bug Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Spinosad toxicity and insect survival were determined using six concentrations of insecticide. Ultrastructural changes and cell death of salivary glands were analyzed after P. nigrispinus exposure to spinosad LC ₅₀ (3.15 μg L ^-1 ). The insecticide caused toxicity to P. nigrispinus; survival was 32% after 48 h of exposure to LC ₅₀ . The main histological changes in the salivary complex were disorganization of the epithelium, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and apocrine secretion into the gland lumen. Cytotoxic effects, such as release of granules and vacuoles into the lumen, presence of autophagosomes, enlargement of basal plasma membrane infoldings, and apoptosis, were observed. Spinosad causes toxicity, decreases survival, and changes the histology and cytology of the P. nigrispinus salivary complex. The results suggest that the cellular stress induced by the insecticide affects extra-oral digestion, compromising the potential of P. nigrispinus as a biological pest control agent.
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