Understanding the Role of Biofilms and Superantigens in Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

Purpose of Review: This review explores recent discoveries in our understanding of how biofilms and superantigens contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). It also examines clinical implications and novel treatment approaches for biofilm associated CRS.
Recent Findings: While the role of biofilms in CRS has been studied for 14 years, research interest has now turned toward elucidating new methods of biofilm detection, microbial diversity, and novel treatment approaches. Recent studies on biofilm superantigens aim to clarify the immunological mechanisms of upper airway inflammation, particularly the type-2 response seen in nasal polyposis.
Summary: Biofilms are a topic of research interest for their role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis, particularly when they elute superantigens. New studies on this topic focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms at play.
Competing Interests: Compliance with Ethics Guidelines Disclosure of potential conflict of interest: IWM and NNP have no relevant conflicts to this manuscript to disclose. NAC has a patent pending “Therapy and Diagnostics for Respiratory Infection.”