Characterization of the Multi-Drug Resistance Gene cfr in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Strains Isolated From Animals and Humans in China.

We investigated cfr -positive and -negative MRSA strains isolated from animals and humans in different geographical areas of China, from 2011 to 2016. Twenty cfr -positive strains (15.6%) were identified from 128 MRSA strains including 17 from food animals and three from humans. The resistance rates and prevalence of the tested antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the cfr -positive MRSA isolates were higher than that in the cfr -negative MRSA isolates. All cfr -positive MRSA isolates were co-carrying fexA and ermC , and had significantly higher optrA incidence rate vs. the cfr -negative isolates ( P < 0.05). In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) assays showed that ST9 and spa -type t899 were the most prevalent ST and spa types in the study strains. However, all of the 20 cfr -positive and 10 randomly selected cfr -negative MRSA isolates were clonally unrelated as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analyses. Importantly, the cfr gene was successfully transferred to a recipient Staphylococcus aureus strain RN4220 from 13 of the 20 cfr -positive MRSA isolates by electroporation. Among these 13 cfr -positive MRSA isolates, two different genetic contexts surrounding cfr were determined and each was associated with one type of cfr -carrying plasmids. Of note, the predominant genetic context of cfr was found to be a Tn 558 variant and locate on large plasmids (∼50 kb) co-harboring fexA in 11 of the 13 MRSA isolates. Furthermore, the cfr gene was also identified on small plasmids (∼ 7.1 kb) that co-carried ermC in two of the 13 MRSA isolates. Our results demonstrated a high occurrence of multi-drug resistance in cfr -positive MRSA isolates, and the spread of cfr might be attributed to horizontal dissemination of similar cfr -carrying transposons and plasmids.