Computational modelling of bone augmentation in the spine.

Computational models are gaining importance not only for basic science, but also for the analysis of clinical interventions and to support clinicians prior to intervention. Vertebroplasty has been used to stabilise compression fractures in the spine for years, yet there are still diverging ideas on the ideal deposition location, volume, and augmentation material. In particular, little is known about the long-term effects of the intervention on the surrounding biological tissue. This review aims to investigate computational efforts made in the field of vertebroplasty, from the augmentation procedure to strength prediction and long-term in silico bone biology in augmented human vertebrae. While there is ample work on simulating the augmentation procedure and strength prediction, simulations predicting long-term effects are lacking. Recent developments in bone remodelling simulations have the potential to show adaptation to cement augmentation and, thus, close this gap.