Development of a Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Kudoa iwatai (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) in Japanese Seabass ( Lateolabrax japonicus).

Kudoa iwatai, a myxosporean parasite, has low host fish specificity, and consumers encounter commercial marine fish or marketed marine fish infected with this parasite in Japan. Although the presence of this parasite infection in fish samples is traditionally determined by the microscopic morphological examination of extracted spores, this method lacks sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we developed a real-time PCR assay for the detection of K. iwatai 18S rDNA to achieve the rapid and specific identification of K. iwatai in foreign substance inspection. We also evaluated the usefulness of real-time PCR for Japanese seabass ( Lateolabrax japonicus) with or without K. iwatai cysts. Our real-time PCR assay was able to reliably detect the target plasmid DNA over a 7-log range (from 4.0 × 10 ¹ to 4.0 × 10 ⁷ copies per reaction) and displayed a linear relationship, with a correlation of determination value of 0.9993 and slope of -3.3651. Moreover, the mean value of the intra-assay coefficient of variation was 0.89% in triplicate assays, and the detection limit of this method was 2.5 copies of K. iwatai 18S rDNA per reaction. The sensitivity of the real-time PCR was the same or higher than that of an established conventional PCR when DNA extracts from eight Japanese seabass with or without K. iwatai were used as templates. The specificity of the real-time PCR was comparable with that of conventional PCR by using DNA extracts from fish samples infected with nine Kudoa species. Together, these results indicate that our real-time PCR assay is highly sensitive, reproducible, and specific for detecting K. iwatai 18S rDNA in foreign substance inspection. We believe that this highly sensitive real-time PCR may also be useful for understanding the gastrointestinal diseases associated with K. iwatai and for studying the yet unknown life cycle of K. iwatai.