Cationic polystyrene nanoparticle and the sea urchin immune system: biocorona formation, cell toxicity, and multixenobiotic resistance phenotype.

In order to assess the impact of nanoplastics on marine species, polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) have been largely used as model particles. Here we studied the effects of 50 nm amino-modified PS-NH ₂ on Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus immune system cells (coelomocytes) in the presence of celomic fluid (CF) and at different NP concentrations (1, 5, 10, and 25 μg mL ^-1 ) and experimental conditions (absence or presence of EDTA). PS-NH ₂ acquired a protein corona once incubated with CF, dominated by the toposome precursor protein (TPP). In short-term cultures, a significant concentration- and time-dependent decrease in lysosomal membrane stability and apoptotic-like nuclear alterations were observed in phagocytes upon exposure to PS-NH ₂ (10 and 25 µg mL ^-1 ) in CF but they resulted abolished in the presence of EDTA confirming the role of TPP in triggering PS-NH ₂ -coelomocytes interaction and toxicity. PS-NH ₂ did not alter MXR phenotype but the observed dose-dependent decrease in calcein accumulation suggests the ability of PS-NH ₂ to affect pump's efflux activity. Overall results encourage additional studies on positively charged nanoplastics, since the observed effects on sea urchin coelomocytes as well as the TPP corona formation might represent a first step for addressing their impact on sensitive marine species.