Extracellular ATP promoted pollen germination and tube growth of Nicotiana tabacum through promoting K + and Ca 2+ absorption.

Extracellular ATP (eATP) plays an essential role in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Here, we report that eATP participated in Nicotiana tabacum pollen germination (PG) and pollen tube growth (PTG) by regulating K ⁺ and Ca ²⁺ influx. Exogenous ATP or ADP effectively promoted PG and PTG in a dose-dependent manner; weakly hydrolysable ATP analog (ATPγS) showed a similar effect. AMP, adenosine, adenine, and phosphate did not affect PG or PTG. Within a certain range, higher concentrations of K ⁺ or Ca ²⁺ in the medium increased the effect of ATP in promoting PG and PTG. However, in mediums containing K ⁺ or Ca ²⁺ concentrations above this range, the effect of ATP was reversed, resulting in PG and PTG inhibition. Ca ²⁺ chelators (EGTA), Ca ²⁺ channel blockers, and K ⁺ channel blockers suppressed ATP-promoted PG and PTG. Results from a patch clamp showed that ATP activated a K ⁺ and Ca ²⁺ influx in pollen protoplasts. These results suggest that, as an apoplastic signal, eATP may be involved in PG and PTG via regulating Ca ²⁺ and K ⁺ absorption.