Comparison of 3 He and 129 Xe MRI for evaluation of lung microstructure and ventilation at 1.5T.

Background: To support translational lung MRI research with hyperpolarized ¹²⁹ Xe gas, comprehensive evaluation of derived quantitative lung function measures against established measures from ³ He MRI is required. Few comparative studies have been performed to date, only at 3T, and multisession repeatability of ¹²⁹ Xe functional metrics have not been reported.
Purpose/hypothesis: To compare hyperpolarized ¹²⁹ Xe and ³ He MRI-derived quantitative metrics of lung ventilation and microstructure, and their repeatability, at 1.5T.
Study Type: Retrospective.
Population: Fourteen healthy nonsmokers (HN), five exsmokers (ES), five patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 16 patients with nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Field Strength/sequence: 1.5T. NSCLC, COPD patients and selected HN subjects underwent 3D balanced steady-state free-precession lung ventilation MRI using both ³ He and ¹²⁹ Xe. Selected HN, all ES, and COPD patients underwent 2D multislice spoiled gradient-echo diffusion-weighted lung MRI using both hyperpolarized gas nuclei.
Assessment: Ventilated volume percentages (VV%) and mean apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were derived from imaging. COPD patients performed the whole MR protocol in four separate scan sessions to assess repeatability. Same-day pulmonary function tests were performed.
Statistical Tests: Intermetric correlations: Spearman's coefficient. Intergroup/internuclei differences: analysis of variance / Wilcoxon's signed rank. Repeatability: coefficient of variation (CV), intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficient.
Results: A significant positive correlation between ³ He and ¹²⁹ Xe VV% was observed (r = 0.860, P < 0.001). VV% was larger for ³ He than ¹²⁹ Xe (P = 0.001); average bias, 8.79%. A strong correlation between mean ³ He and ¹²⁹ Xe ADC was obtained (r = 0.922, P < 0.001). MR parameters exhibited good correlations with pulmonary function tests. In COPD patients, mean CV of ³ He and ¹²⁹ Xe VV% was 4.08% and 13.01%, respectively, with ICC coefficients of 0.541 (P = 0.061) and 0.458 (P = 0.095). Mean ³ He and ¹²⁹ Xe ADC values were highly repeatable (mean CV: 2.98%, 2.77%, respectively; ICC: 0.995, P < 0.001; 0.936, P < 0.001). DATA CONCLUSION: ¹²⁹ Xe lung MRI provides near-equivalent information to ³ He for quantitative lung ventilation and microstructural MRI at 1.5T.
Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018.
(© 2018 The Authors Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.)