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The Complete Phylogeny of Pangolins: Scaling Up Resources for the Molecular Tracing of the Most Trafficked Mammals on Earth.
- Source :
-
The Journal of heredity [J Hered] 2018 May 11; Vol. 109 (4), pp. 347-359. - Publication Year :
- 2018
-
Abstract
- Pangolins, considered the most-trafficked mammals on Earth, are rapidly heading to extinction. Eight extant species of these African and Asian scale-bodied anteaters are commonly recognized, but their evolutionary relationships remain largely unexplored. Here, we present the most comprehensive phylogenetic assessment of pangolins, based on genetic variation of complete mitogenomes and 9 nuclear genes. We confirm deep divergence among Asian and African pangolins occurring not later than the Oligocene-Miocene boundary ca. 23 million years ago (Ma) (95% HPD = 18.7-27.2), limited fossil evidence suggesting dispersals from Europe. We recognize 3 genera including Manis (Asian pangolins), Smutsia (large African pangolins), and Phataginus (small African pangolins), which first diversified in the Middle-Upper Miocene (9.8-13.3 Ma) through a period of gradual cooling coinciding with a worldwide taxonomic diversification among mammals. Based on large mitogenomic distances among the 3 genera (18.3-22.8%) and numerous (18) morphological traits unique to Phataginus, we propose the subfamily Phatagininae subfam. nov. to designate small African pangolins. In contrast with the morphological-based literature, our results establish that the thick-tailed pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) is sister-species of the Sunda (Manis javanica) and Palawan (Manis culionensis) pangolins. Mitogenomic phylogenetic delineations supported additional pangolin species subdivisions (n = 13), including 6 African common pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) lineages, but these patterns were not fully supported by our multi-locus approach. Finally, we identified more than 5000 informative mitogenomic sites and diagnostic variation from 5 nuclear genes among all species and lineages of pangolins, providing an important resource for further research and for effectively tracing the worldwide pangolin trade.
- Subjects :
- Africa
Animals
Asia
Biological Evolution
Cell Nucleus genetics
Endangered Species
Genome, Mitochondrial genetics
Mammals anatomy & histology
Mammals classification
Mammals genetics
Phylogeny
Xenarthra anatomy & histology
Xenarthra classification
Genetic Variation
Genome genetics
Xenarthra genetics
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1465-7333
- Volume :
- 109
- Issue :
- 4
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- The Journal of heredity
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 29140441
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esx097