Noninsertional Tendinopathy of the Achilles.

Noninsertional Achilles tendinosis is differentiated from insertional Achilles tendinosis based on anatomic location. Tendinosis, as opposed to tendonitis, is primarily a degenerative process and the role of inflammation is believed limited. The etiology of Achilles tendinopathy may include overuse leading to repetitive microtrauma, poor vascularity of the tissue, mechanical imbalances of the extremity, or combination of these elements. There is evidence to support eccentric exercise nonoperative management for patients with noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy. Operative treatment options include percutaneous longitudinal tenotomies, minimally invasive tendon scraping, open débridement and tubularization, and tendon augmentation with flexor hallucis longus.
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