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Abstinence-induced withdrawal severity among adolescent smokers with and without ADHD: disentangling effects of nicotine and smoking reinstatement.
- Source :
-
Psychopharmacology [Psychopharmacology (Berl)] 2018 Jan; Vol. 235 (1), pp. 169-178. Date of Electronic Publication: 2017 Oct 10. - Publication Year :
- 2018
-
Abstract
- Rationale: Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) start smoking earlier, are more likely to progress to nicotine dependence, and have a more difficult time quitting smoking compared to their non-ADHD peers. Little is known about the underlying behavioral mechanisms associated with this increased risk, particularly at the adolescent stage.<br />Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of overnight nicotine abstinence and smoking reinstatement on subjective withdrawal states in adolescent smokers with and without ADHD.<br />Methods: Adolescent daily smokers (27 with ADHD and 17 without ADHD) completed three experimental sessions: (1) a placebo patch followed by smoking a nicotine cigarette, (2) placebo patch followed by smoking a nicotine-free cigarette, and (3) nicotine patch followed by smoking a nicotine-free cigarette. Subjects abstained overnight before each session, and patches were administered 45 min before smoking. The primary outcome measure was a smoking withdrawal symptom questionnaire.<br />Results: ADHD smokers experienced greater difficulty concentrating and impatience/restlessness during abstinence than non-ADHD smokers. Smoking a cigarette improved abstinence-induced difficulty concentrating and restlessness, regardless of its nicotine content, and regardless of whether transdermal nicotine was received or not.<br />Conclusions: Thus, sensorimotor aspects of smoking, rather than nicotine itself, appeared to relieve withdrawal. Although ADHD smokers report greater withdrawal symptoms than non-ADHD smokers, they responded strongly to the sensorimotor aspects of smoking during withdrawal. These findings suggest that even lighter, adolescent smokers with ADHD are vulnerable to smoking progression through altered smoking abstinence and withdrawal relief processes.
- Subjects :
- Adolescent
Female
Humans
Male
Nicotine administration & dosage
Nicotine adverse effects
Smokers
Smoking
Smoking Cessation
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome diagnosis
Surveys and Questionnaires
Tobacco Smoking
Tobacco Use Disorder complications
Young Adult
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity complications
Nicotine therapeutic use
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome drug therapy
Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
Tobacco Use Disorder drug therapy
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1432-2072
- Volume :
- 235
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Psychopharmacology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 29018894
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4753-z