Unexpected source of Fukushima-derived radiocesium to the coastal ocean of Japan.

There are 440 operational nuclear reactors in the world, with approximately one-half situated along the coastline. This includes the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP), which experienced multiple reactor meltdowns in March 2011 followed by the release of radioactivity to the marine environment. While surface inputs to the ocean via atmospheric deposition and rivers are usually well monitored after a nuclear accident, no study has focused on subterranean pathways. During our study period, we found the highest cesium-137 ( ¹³⁷ Cs) levels (up to 23,000 Bq⋅m ^-3 ) outside of the FDNPP site not in the ocean, rivers, or potable groundwater, but in groundwater beneath sand beaches over tens of kilometers away from the FDNPP. Here, we present evidence of a previously unknown, ongoing source of Fukushima-derived ¹³⁷ Cs to the coastal ocean. We postulate that these beach sands were contaminated in 2011 through wave- and tide-driven exchange and sorption of highly radioactive Cs from seawater. Subsequent desorption of ¹³⁷ Cs and fluid exchange from the beach sands was quantified using naturally occurring radium isotopes. This estimated ocean ¹³⁷ Cs source (0.6 TBq⋅y ^-1 ) is of similar magnitude as the ongoing releases of ¹³⁷ Cs from the FDNPP site for 2013-2016, as well as the input of Fukushima-derived dissolved ¹³⁷ Cs via rivers. Although this ongoing source is not at present a public health issue for Japan, the release of Cs of this type and scale needs to be considered in nuclear power plant monitoring and scenarios involving future accidents.
Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement: K.O.B. has served in a consulting capacity related to radionuclides in Japanese fisheries products.