A co-production of sugars, lignosulfonates, cellulose, and cellulose nanocrystals from ball-milled woods.

This study demonstrated the technical potential for the large-scale co-production of sugars, lignosulfonates, cellulose, and cellulose nanocrystals. Ball-milled woods with two particle sizes were prepared by ball milling for 80min or 120min (BMW ₈₀ , BMW ₁₂₀ ) and then enzymatically hydrolyzed. 78.3% cellulose conversion of BMW ₁₂₀ was achieved, which was three times as high as the conversion of BMW ₈₀ . The hydrolyzed residues (HRs) were neutrally sulfonated cooking. 57.72g/L and 88.16g/L lignosulfonate concentration, respectively, were harvested from HR ₈₀ and HR ₁₂₀ , and 42.6±0.5% lignin were removed. The subsequent solid residuals were purified to produce cellulose and then this material was acid-hydrolyzed to produce cellulose nanocrystals. The BMW ₁₂₀ maintained smaller particle size and aspect ratio during each step of during the multiple processes, while the average aspect ratio of its cellulose nanocrystals was larger. The crystallinity of both materials increased with each step of wet processing, reaching to 74% for the cellulose.
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