Water Splitting with Series-Connected Polymer Solar Cells.

We investigate light-driven electrochemical water splitting with series-connected polymer solar cells using a combined experimental and modeling approach. The expected maximum solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency (η _STH ) for light-driven water splitting is modeled for two, three, and four series-connected polymer solar cells. In the modeling, we assume an electrochemical water splitting potential of 1.50 V and a polymer solar cell for which the external quantum efficiency and fill factor are both 0.65. The minimum photon energy loss (E _loss ), defined as the energy difference between the optical band gap (E _g ) and the open-circuit voltage (V _oc ), is set to 0.8 eV, which we consider a realistic value for polymer solar cells. Within these approximations, two series-connected single junction cells with E _g = 1.73 eV or three series-connected cells with E _g = 1.44 eV are both expected to give an η _STH of 6.9%. For four series-connected cells, the maximum η _STH is slightly less at 6.2% at an optimal E _g = 1.33 eV. Water splitting was performed with series-connected polymer solar cells using polymers with different band gaps. PTPTIBDT-OD (E _g = 1.89 eV), PTB7-Th (E _g = 1.56 eV), and PDPP5T-2 (E _g = 1.44 eV) were blended with [70]PCBM as absorber layer for two, three, and four series-connected configurations, respectively, and provide η _STH values of 4.1, 6.1, and 4.9% when using a retroreflective foil on top of the cell to enhance light absorption. The reasons for deviations with experiments are analyzed and found to be due to differences in E _g and E _loss . Light-driven electrochemical water splitting was also modeled for multijunction polymer solar cells with vertically stacked photoactive layers. Under identical assumptions, an η _STH of 10.0% is predicted for multijunction cells.