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The Burden of Cryptosporidium Diarrheal Disease among Children < 24 Months of Age in Moderate/High Mortality Regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, Utilizing Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS).
- Source :
-
PLoS neglected tropical diseases [PLoS Negl Trop Dis] 2016 May 24; Vol. 10 (5), pp. e0004729. Date of Electronic Publication: 2016 May 24 (Print Publication: 2016). - Publication Year :
- 2016
-
Abstract
- Background: The importance of Cryptosporidium as a pediatric enteropathogen in developing countries is recognized.<br />Methods: Data from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS), a 3-year, 7-site, case-control study of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and GEMS-1A (1-year study of MSD and less-severe diarrhea [LSD]) were analyzed. Stools from 12,110 MSD and 3,174 LSD cases among children aged <60 months and from 21,527 randomly-selected controls matched by age, sex and community were immunoassay-tested for Cryptosporidium. Species of a subset of Cryptosporidium-positive specimens were identified by PCR; GP60 sequencing identified anthroponotic C. parvum. Combined annual Cryptosporidium-attributable diarrhea incidences among children aged <24 months for African and Asian GEMS sites were extrapolated to sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian regions to estimate region-wide MSD and LSD burdens. Attributable and excess mortality due to Cryptosporidium diarrhea were estimated.<br />Findings: Cryptosporidium was significantly associated with MSD and LSD below age 24 months. Among Cryptosporidium-positive MSD cases, C. hominis was detected in 77.8% (95% CI, 73.0%-81.9%) and C. parvum in 9.9% (95% CI, 7.1%-13.6%); 92% of C. parvum tested were anthroponotic genotypes. Annual Cryptosporidium-attributable MSD incidence was 3.48 (95% CI, 2.27-4.67) and 3.18 (95% CI, 1.85-4.52) per 100 child-years in African and Asian infants, respectively, and 1.41 (95% CI, 0.73-2.08) and 1.36 (95% CI, 0.66-2.05) per 100 child-years in toddlers. Corresponding Cryptosporidium-attributable LSD incidences per 100 child-years were 2.52 (95% CI, 0.33-5.01) and 4.88 (95% CI, 0.82-8.92) in infants and 4.04 (95% CI, 0.56-7.51) and 4.71 (95% CI, 0.24-9.18) in toddlers. We estimate 2.9 and 4.7 million Cryptosporidium-attributable cases annually in children aged <24 months in the sub-Saharan Africa and India/Pakistan/Bangladesh/Nepal/Afghanistan regions, respectively, and ~202,000 Cryptosporidium-attributable deaths (regions combined). ~59,000 excess deaths occurred among Cryptosporidium-attributable diarrhea cases over expected if cases had been Cryptosporidium-negative.<br />Conclusions: The enormous African/Asian Cryptosporidium disease burden warrants investments to develop vaccines, diagnostics and therapies.
- Subjects :
- Afghanistan epidemiology
Africa South of the Sahara epidemiology
Asia epidemiology
Case-Control Studies
Child, Preschool
Cryptosporidiosis parasitology
Cryptosporidium classification
Cryptosporidium genetics
Cryptosporidium immunology
Cryptosporidium isolation & purification
Data Mining methods
Developing Countries economics
Developing Countries statistics & numerical data
Diarrhea epidemiology
Diarrhea parasitology
Female
Gastrointestinal Diseases mortality
Gastrointestinal Diseases parasitology
Humans
Immunoassay
Incidence
India epidemiology
Infant
Infant, Newborn
Male
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Cost of Illness
Cryptosporidiosis epidemiology
Cryptosporidiosis mortality
Diarrhea mortality
Feces parasitology
Gastrointestinal Diseases epidemiology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1935-2735
- Volume :
- 10
- Issue :
- 5
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- PLoS neglected tropical diseases
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 27219054
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004729