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Aqueous chlorination of acebutolol: kinetics, transformation by-products, and mechanism.
- Source :
-
Environmental science and pollution research international [Environ Sci Pollut Res Int] 2016 Feb; Vol. 23 (3), pp. 2521-9. Date of Electronic Publication: 2015 Oct 01. - Publication Year :
- 2016
-
Abstract
- This study investigated the reaction kinetics and the transformation by-products of acebutolol during aqueous chlorination. Acebutolol is one of the commonly used β-blockers for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. It has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the kinetics study, the second-order rate constant for the reaction between acebutolol and chlorine (k app) was determined at 25 ± 0.1 °C. The degradation of acebutolol by free available chlorine was highly pH dependence. When the pH increased from 6 to 8, it was found that the k app for the reaction between acebutolol and free available chlorine was increased from 1.68 to 11.2 M(-1) min(-1). By comparing with the reported k app values, the reactivity of acebutolol toward free available chlorine was found to be higher than atenolol and metoprolol but lower than nadolol and propranolol. Characterization of the transformation by-products formed during the chlorination of acebutolol was carried out using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry. Seven major transformation by-products were identified. These transformation by-products were mainly formed through dealkylation, hydroxylation, chlorination, and oxidation reactions.
- Subjects :
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists chemistry
Atenolol chemistry
Chlorine chemistry
Chromatography, Liquid
Halogenation
Kinetics
Mass Spectrometry
Oxidation-Reduction
Propranolol chemistry
Water chemistry
Acebutolol chemistry
Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists chemistry
Antihypertensive Agents chemistry
Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry
Water Purification
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1614-7499
- Volume :
- 23
- Issue :
- 3
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Environmental science and pollution research international
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 26423291
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5470-y