Phytoremediation of Water Using Phragmites karka and Veteveria nigritana in Constructed Wetland.

Constructed wetland is an innovative and emerging ecological technology for wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a Vegetated Submerged Bed Constructed Wetland (VSBCW) for removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater in a steel manufacturing company. A pilot Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) consisting of equalization basin, two VSBCW basins and a storage tank was constructed. The VSBCW was constructed using 10-30 mm round granite for the different zones. This was overlaid by 200 mm deep granite and 150 mm washed sand with Phragmites karka, Vetiveria nigritana and Cana lilies as macrophytes. Irrigation of macrophytes using effluent from the industry was done after 3 months of planting and ETP monitored. Industrial wastewater samples were collected and analyzed for heavy metals such as zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg) and chromium (Cr) to know the treatment efficiency of the ETP. Results indicated that the removal efficiencies of the VSBCW for Pb, Mg and Cr were 15.4%, 79.7% and 97.9% respectively. Fe and Mn were seen to increase by 1.8% and 33% respectively. The ETP using locally available macrophytes is effective in the phytoremediation of heavy metals, particularly Cr from the wastewater.