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A feasibility study to determine the potential of in vivo detection of gadolinium by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) following gadolinium-based contrast-enhanced MRI.
- Source :
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Physiological measurement [Physiol Meas] 2015 Jan; Vol. 36 (1), pp. N1-13. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Dec 11. - Publication Year :
- 2015
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Abstract
- The feasibility of using a (109)Cd γ-ray induced K x-ray fluorescence (K-XRF) system for the in vivo detection of gadolinium (Gd) in bone has been investigated. The K-XRF bone measurement system employs an array of four detectors, and is normally used for the non-invasive study of bone lead levels. The system was used to measure bone simulating phantoms doped with varying levels of gadolinium and fixed amounts of sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl) and calcium (Ca). The detection limits for bare bone phantoms, using a source of activity 0.17 GBq, were determined to be 3.9 ppm and 6.5 ppm (µg Gd per gram phantom) for the Kα1 and Kα2 Gd x-ray peaks, respectively. This leads to an overall detection limit of 3.3 ppm (µg Gd per gram phantom). Layers of plastic were used to simulate overlying soft tissue and this permitted prediction of a detection limit, using the current strength of our radioisotope source, of 6.1 ppm to 8.6 ppm (µg Gd per gram phantom) for fingers with 2-4 mm of overlying tissue. With a new source of activity 5 GBq, we predict that this system could achieve a detection limit of 4-5.6 µg Gd g(-1) Ca. This is within the range of levels (2-30 µg Gd g(-1) Ca) previously found in the bone of patients receiving Gd based contrast imaging agents. The technique is promising and warrants further investigation.
- Subjects :
- Cadmium Radioisotopes
Calcium analysis
Chlorine analysis
Equipment Design
Feasibility Studies
Gamma Rays
Humans
Limit of Detection
Models, Biological
Phantoms, Imaging
Plastics
Sodium analysis
Bone and Bones chemistry
Contrast Media
Gadolinium analysis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1361-6579
- Volume :
- 36
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Physiological measurement
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 25501799
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/36/1/N1