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Arsenic: bioaccessibility from seaweed and rice, dietary exposure calculations and risk assessment.
- Source :
-
Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment [Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess] 2014; Vol. 31 (12), pp. 1993-2003. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Nov 13. - Publication Year :
- 2014
-
Abstract
- Arsenic is a metalloid that occurs in food and the environment in different chemical forms. Inorganic arsenic is classified as a class I carcinogen. The inorganic arsenic intake from food and drinking water varies depending on the geographic arsenic background. Non-dietary exposure to arsenic is likely to be of minor importance for the general population within the European Union. In Europe, arsenic in drinking water is on average low, but food products (e.g. rice and seaweed) are imported from all over the world including from regions with naturally high arsenic levels. Therefore, specific populations living in Europe could also have a high exposure to inorganic arsenic due to their consumption pattern. Current risk assessment is based on exposure via drinking water. For a good estimation of the risks of arsenic in food, it is important to investigate if the bioavailability of inorganic arsenic from food is different from drinking water. The present study further explores the issue of European dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic via rice and seaweed and its associated health risks. The bioavailability of inorganic arsenic was measured in in vitro digestion experiments. The data indicate that the bioavailability of inorganic arsenic is similar for rice and seaweed compared with drinking water. The calculated dietary intake for specific European Union populations varied between 0.44 and 4.51 µg kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹. The margins of exposure between the inorganic intake levels and the BMDL0.5 values as derived by JECFA are low. Decreasing the intake of inorganic arsenic via Hijiki seaweed could be achieved by setting legal limits similar to those set for rice by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in July 2014.
- Subjects :
- Adult
Arsenic analysis
Arsenic chemistry
Biological Availability
Carcinogens, Environmental analysis
Carcinogens, Environmental chemistry
Digestion
Drinking Water chemistry
European Union
Health Policy
Humans
Molecular Structure
Netherlands
Risk Assessment
Seeds chemistry
Toxicokinetics
Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry
Water Pollutants, Chemical toxicity
Arsenic toxicity
Carcinogens, Environmental toxicity
Diet adverse effects
Food Contamination
Models, Biological
Oryza chemistry
Seaweed chemistry
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1944-0057
- Volume :
- 31
- Issue :
- 12
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 25393691
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2014.974687