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Orchestration of pulmonary T cell immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: immunity interruptus.
- Source :
-
Seminars in immunology [Semin Immunol] 2014 Dec; Vol. 26 (6), pp. 559-77. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Oct 11. - Publication Year :
- 2014
-
Abstract
- Despite the introduction almost a century ago of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG), an attenuated form of M. bovis that is used as a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, tuberculosis remains a global health threat and kills more than 1.5 million people each year. This is mostly because BCG fails to prevent pulmonary disease--the contagious form of tuberculosis. Although there have been significant advances in understanding how the immune system responds to infection, the qualities that define protective immunity against M. tuberculosis remain poorly characterized. The ability to predict who will maintain control over the infection and who will succumb to clinical disease would revolutionize our approach to surveillance, control, and treatment. Here we review the current understanding of pulmonary T cell responses following M. tuberculosis infection. While infection elicits a strong immune response that contains infection, M. tuberculosis evades eradication. Traditionally, its intracellular lifestyle and alteration of macrophage function are viewed as the dominant mechanisms of evasion. Now we appreciate that chronic inflammation leads to T cell dysfunction. While this may arise as the host balances the goals of bacterial sterilization and avoidance of tissue damage, it is becoming clear that T cell dysfunction impairs host resistance. Defining the mechanisms that lead to T cell dysfunction is crucial as memory T cell responses are likely to be subject to the same subject to the same pressures. Thus, success of T cell based vaccines is predicated on memory T cells avoiding exhaustion while at the same time not promoting overt tissue damage.<br /> (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Subjects :
- Adaptive Immunity
Antigen Presentation
BCG Vaccine administration & dosage
BCG Vaccine immunology
Cytokines immunology
Dendritic Cells microbiology
Dendritic Cells pathology
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Lung immunology
Lung microbiology
Lung pathology
Lymph Nodes immunology
Lymph Nodes microbiology
Lymph Nodes pathology
Macrophages microbiology
Macrophages pathology
T-Lymphocytes microbiology
T-Lymphocytes pathology
Treatment Failure
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary microbiology
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary pathology
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary prevention & control
Vaccination
Dendritic Cells immunology
Immune Evasion
Macrophages immunology
Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunology
T-Lymphocytes immunology
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary immunology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1096-3618
- Volume :
- 26
- Issue :
- 6
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Seminars in immunology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 25311810
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.003