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High sodium intake is associated with important risk factors in a large cohort of chronic kidney disease patients.
- Source :
-
European journal of clinical nutrition [Eur J Clin Nutr] 2015 Jul; Vol. 69 (7), pp. 786-90. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Oct 08. - Publication Year :
- 2015
-
Abstract
- Background/objectives: An increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is observed in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD) even in early stages. Dietary sodium intake has been associated with important CVD and CKD progression risk factors such as hypertension and proteinuria in this population. We aimed to investigate the relationship between sodium intake and CVD or CKD progression risk factors in a large cohort of patients with CKD stage 3 recruited from primary care.<br />Subjects/methods: A total of 1733 patients with previous estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 30-59 ml/min/1.73m(2), with a mean age 72.9±9.0 years, were recruited from 32 general practices in primary care in England. Medical history was obtained and participants underwent clinical assessment, urine and serum biochemistry testing. Sodium intake was estimated from three early-morning urine specimens using an equation validated for this study population.<br />Results: Sixty percent of participants who had estimated sodium intake above recommendation (>100 mmol/day or 6 g salt/day) also had higher diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, high-sensitive C-reactive protein and uric acid and used a greater number of anti-hypertensive drugs. In multivariable regression analysis, excessive sodium intake was an independent predictor of MAP (B=1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41-2.72; P=0.008) and albuminuria (B=1.35, 95% CI 1.02-1.79; P=0.03).<br />Conclusions: High sodium intake was associated with CVD and CKD progression risk factors in patients with predominantly early stages of CKD followed up in primary care. This suggests that dietary sodium intake could afffect CVD risk even in early or mild CKD. Intervention studies are warranted to investigate the potential benefit of dietary advice to reduce sodium intake in this population.
- Subjects :
- Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Antihypertensive Agents therapeutic use
Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology
Cohort Studies
Cross-Sectional Studies
Disease Progression
England epidemiology
Female
Humans
Hypertension drug therapy
Hypertension epidemiology
Hypertension etiology
Incidence
Inflammation Mediators blood
Kidney Failure, Chronic blood
Kidney Failure, Chronic physiopathology
Kidney Failure, Chronic urine
Male
Primary Health Care
Prospective Studies
Proteinuria epidemiology
Proteinuria etiology
Risk Factors
Severity of Illness Index
Sodium urine
Cardiovascular Diseases etiology
Kidney Failure, Chronic etiology
Sodium, Dietary poisoning
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1476-5640
- Volume :
- 69
- Issue :
- 7
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- European journal of clinical nutrition
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 25293433
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.215