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TiO2 nanoparticles induced hippocampal neuroinflammation in mice.
- Source :
-
PloS one [PLoS One] 2014 Mar 21; Vol. 9 (3), pp. e92230. Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Mar 21 (Print Publication: 2014). - Publication Year :
- 2014
-
Abstract
- Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have been used in various medical and industrial areas. However, the impacts of these nanoparticles on neuroinflammation in the brain are poorly understood. In this study, mice were exposed to 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg body weight TiO2 NPs for 90 consecutive days, and the TLRs/TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathway associated with the hippocampal neuroinflammation was investigated. Our findings showed titanium accumulation in the hippocampus, neuroinflammation and impairment of spatial memory in mice following exposure to TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, TiO2 NPs significantly activated the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α, nucleic IκB kinase, NF-κB-inducible kinase, nucleic factor-κB, NF-κB2(p52), RelA(p65), and significantly suppressed the expression of IκB and interleukin-2. These findings suggest that neuroinflammation may be involved in TiO2 NP-induced alterations of cytokine expression in mouse hippocampus. Therefore, more attention should be focused on the application of TiO2 NPs in the food industry and their long-term exposure effects, especially in the human central nervous system.
- Subjects :
- Animals
Cytokines biosynthesis
Female
Hippocampus pathology
I-kappa B Kinase metabolism
I-kappa B Proteins metabolism
Inflammation chemically induced
Maze Learning drug effects
Mice
Motor Activity drug effects
NF-kappa B p52 Subunit metabolism
Nanoparticles
Toll-Like Receptor 2 drug effects
Toll-Like Receptor 2 physiology
Toll-Like Receptor 4 drug effects
Toll-Like Receptor 4 physiology
Toll-Like Receptors metabolism
Hippocampus metabolism
NF-kappa B metabolism
Titanium pharmacology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1932-6203
- Volume :
- 9
- Issue :
- 3
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- PloS one
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 24658543
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092230