Influence of the immunogenetic KIR and HLA systems on long-term renal transplant outcome.

Background: Numerous studies have established the importance of innate immunity, particularly natural killer (NK) cells, in transplantation tolerance. NK cells express killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on their surface. By recognizing and binding major histocompatibility complex class I antigens, KIRs prevent autologous cell killing and promote lysis of non-self antigen-presenting cells. This study investigated the role of 16 KIR genes and donor-recipient KIR/HLA combinations on 5-year outcomes in a population of deceased donor kidney transplant recipients.
Material/methods: We genotyped 126 renal transplant patients and their donors for HLA A, B, C, DR, and KIR genes. Patients underwent standardized transplantation and immunosuppressive protocols and were followed-up for 5 years. Graft function was evaluated by serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate calculated using the 4-variable modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation.
Results: The presence of KIR2DS3 in the recipients was associated with better graft function indexes over time (p<0.05), but this effect was not confirmed by multivariate analysis. Conversely, the presence KIR2DS3 in the recipients combined with the presence of its HLA ligand in the donor had a detrimental effect on the trends of serum creatinine levels and eGFR trends, also confirmed by multivariate analysis. Kidney transplant recipients negative for the KIR2DL1 gene displayed higher creatinine levels after 5 years. Lastly, transplantation of HLA-A3/A11-negative donor kidneys into KIR3DL2-positive patients exerted a protective effect in terms of 5-years outcome (p<0.05).
Conclusions: The present study demonstrates an important role of the KIR immunogenetic system in the long-term immune response to kidney transplantation.