Treatment strategies for complex behavioral insomnia in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

Purpose of Review: This review describes recent research in pediatric behavioral insomnias in neurodevelopmental disorders and their treatment.
Recent Findings: Insomnia in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is typically complex, chronic, and difficult to adequately control. Abnormalities in genetic and/or epigenetic regulation of sleep/wakefulness and its timing predispose patients with NDD to insomnia, although poor sleep hygiene, maladaptive associations, and limit-setting are likely to contribute. Parents are agents for change in problematic sleep behaviors in patients with NDD. We review the benefits of behavioral therapies and melatonin to treat sleep problems in children with NDD. Problematic sleep is so prevalent in some neurodevelopmental syndromes (Rett, Angelman, Williams, and Smith-Magenis) that it is part of their diagnostic criteria.
Summary: Children and adolescents with neurological disorders frequently have complex sleep disorders that require treatment. Understanding the basic pathology and treatment strategies provides an opportunity to improve well being and quality of life in those affected by NDD and their families.