Peripheral intravenous catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: more than 5 years of prospective data from two tertiary health services.

Objectives: To determine the incidence, risk factors for and outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) associated with peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs).
Design, Setting and Patients: A review of prospectively collected data from two tertiary health services on all health care-associated SAB episodes occurring in adults aged > 17 2013s from January 2007 to July 2012.
Main Outcome Measures: Numbers of health care-associated SAB episodes; device type, location of insertion, device dwell time and outcome at 7 and 30 days for all SAB episodes associated with use of a PIVC; rates of SAB per 10 000 occupied bed-days (OBDs).
Results: Overall, 137 of 583 health care-associated-SAB episodes (23.5%) were deemed to be PIVC associated, with an incidence of 0.26/10 000 OBD. The mean dwell time for PIVCs was 3.5 days (range, 0.25-9 days) and 45.2% of SABs occurred in PIVCs with a dwell time ≥ 4 days. Of the PIVC-associated SAB episodes, 39.6% involved PIVCs inserted in the ED, 39.6% involved PIVCs inserted on wards and 20.8% involved PIVCs inserted by the ambulance service. Of the PIVC-associated SABs occurring within 4 days of insertion, 61% were inserted by ED staff or the ambulance service. PIVC-associated SAB were associated with a 30-day all-cause mortality rate of 26.5%.
Conclusion: PIVC-associated SAB is an under-recognised complication. The high incidences of SAB associated with PIVCs inserted in emergency locations and with prolonged dwell times support recommendations in clinical guidelines for routine removal of PIVCs.