The management of birth-related posterior fossa hematomas in neonates.

Background: Symptomatic posterior fossa hematoma in the term newborn is rare.
Objective: To report on the management and outcome of posterior fossa subdural hematoma (PFSDH) in neonates.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of the department database and clinical notes of neonates admitted since 1985 with a PFSDH was performed together with a literature review of similar case series.
Results: Sixteen patients were included. The median gestational age was 40 weeks with a high proportion of primiparous mothers (n = 9) and forceps delivery (n = 9). Nine neonates had symptoms of brainstem dysfunction within the first 24 hours of life, whereas the other 7 had a delayed presentation (median 4 days) with signs of raised intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus. Each patient had a cranial ultrasound followed by computed tomography scan that showed the PFSDH. Eleven neonates required surgical evacuation of the PFSDH, whereas hydrocephalus was managed by transient external ventricular drainage in 2 further patients. Eventually, 2 neonates required a permanent ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Five neonates had no operative intervention. With a mean follow-up of 7.8 years, 2 patients had mild developmental delay and 1 had severe developmental delay. The 13 other patients had a normal development.
Conclusion: In neonates with a PFSDH, surgery can be safely performed in those who have clinical and radiological signs of brainstem compression or hydrocephalus. A small number of neonates require a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in the long term. Initial aggressive resuscitation should be performed even in cases of initial severe brainstem dysfunction because of the good long-term neurological outcome.