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Monitoring of water quality from roof runoff: Interpretation using multivariate analysis.
- Source :
-
Water research [Water Res] 2011 Jun; Vol. 45 (12), pp. 3765-75. Date of Electronic Publication: 2011 Apr 23. - Publication Year :
- 2011
-
Abstract
- The quality of harvested rainwater used for toilet flushing in a private house in the south-west of France was assessed over a one-year period. Temperature, pH, conductivity, colour, turbidity, anions, cations, alkalinity, total hardness and total organic carbon were screened using standard analytical techniques. Total flora at 22 °C and 36 °C, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and enterococci were analysed. Overall, the collected rainwater had good physicochemical quality but did not meet the requirements for drinking water. The stored rainwater is characterised by low conductivity, hardness and alkalinity compared to mains water. Three widely used bacterial indicators - total coliforms, E. coli and enterococci - were detected in the majority of samples, indicating microbiological contamination of the water. To elucidate factors affecting the rainwater composition, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were applied to the complete data set of 50 observations. Chemical and microbiological parameters fluctuated during the course of the study, with the highest levels of microbiological contamination observed in roof runoffs collected during the summer. E. coli and enterococci occurred simultaneously, and their presence was linked to precipitation. Runoff quality is also unpredictable because it is sensitive to the weather. Cluster analysis differentiated three clusters: ionic composition, parameters linked with the microbiological load and indicators of faecal contamination. In future surveys, parameters from these three groups will be simultaneously monitored to more accurately characterise roof-collected rainwater.<br /> (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Subjects :
- Chemical Phenomena
Databases as Topic
Enterococcus isolation & purification
Escherichia coli isolation & purification
France
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Multivariate Analysis
Principal Component Analysis
Recycling
Seasons
Environmental Monitoring methods
Fresh Water chemistry
Fresh Water microbiology
Housing
Rain chemistry
Rain microbiology
Water Microbiology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1879-2448
- Volume :
- 45
- Issue :
- 12
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Water research
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 21561638
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.029