Electrochemical and microbiological characterization of paper mill biofilms.

Biofilm samples collected from inside and outside the press and former sections of paper machines in a Northwestern Ontario paper mill for a period of 2 years were characterized microbiologically and electrochemically. Bacterial community profiling was done using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and selected bacterial isolates were identified using 16S rDNA analysis. The bacterial community showed the presence of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Sphingomonas sp. was found to be the most common bacterial species, which showed the highest production of extracellular polymeric substances. Bacteria isolated from biofilms showed better adhesion properties than those from water samples. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies showed that bacteria isolated from biofilms and feed water collected from inside the machine were more easily oxidized than those from outside, suggesting the need for a more rigorous biofilm abatement strategy for inside paper machines.