Endovascular therapy of hypoglossal canal AVFs presenting with orbital symptoms.

Objective: Dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) of the hypoglossal canal region are rare lesions. We describe three cases of DAVF of the hypoglossal canal presenting with ocular symptoms and discuss the endovascular management options.
Methods: Three consecutive patients with DAVF of the hypoglossal canal region presented with proptosis, chemosis and disturbances of extra-ocular mobility. Each patient was treated using a different endovascular approach, based on variations of the vascular access.
Results: The cases and treatments are reviewed, with a literature review on the subject. Endovascular treatment, transvenous or trans-arterial was curative in all cases.
Conclusion: DAVF of the hypoglossal canal region can present with ocular manifestations very similar to DAVF of the cavernous sinus or carotid-cavernous fistulas. Endovascular treatment is usually feasible and effective, but an understanding of the vascular anatomy and pathophysiology of the disease are of utmost importance when planning the approach.