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Combined airways: impact of upper airway on lower airway.
- Source :
-
Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery [Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg] 2010 Feb; Vol. 18 (1), pp. 15-20. - Publication Year :
- 2010
-
Abstract
- Purpose of Review: This article reviews recent literature on the important relationship between the nose, paranasal sinuses and lungs. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the association between upper and lower airways are discussed.<br />Recent Findings: Epidemiological, clinical, and immunopathological data demonstrate an important link between upper and lower airways beyond the well recognized association of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Other upper airway diseases including occupational rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis with or without aspirin sensitivity, and obstructive sleep apnea have all been linked to asthma and/or asthma severity, as well as other lower airway diseases. Although the underlying mechanisms to explain these associations are unclear, recent work suggests the presence of systemic inflammation triggered by both the adaptive and innate immune system as a major driving force in combined airway diseases.<br />Summary: Epidemiological data, clinical observations, and immunopathological studies demonstrate an important link between upper and lower airways. An understanding of how the upper airway impacts on lower airway disease has important diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic implications.
- Subjects :
- Asthma immunology
Asthma physiopathology
Humans
Immunoglobulin E immunology
Interferon-gamma immunology
Interleukin-12 immunology
Interleukin-4 immunology
Interleukin-5 immunology
Nasal Obstruction immunology
Nasal Obstruction physiopathology
Nasal Polyps etiology
Nasal Polyps immunology
Nasal Polyps physiopathology
Occupational Diseases etiology
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive immunology
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive physiopathology
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal etiology
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal immunology
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal physiopathology
Th2 Cells immunology
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha immunology
Asthma etiology
Nasal Obstruction etiology
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive etiology
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 1531-6998
- Volume :
- 18
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Current opinion in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 19915468
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1097/MOO.0b013e328334aa0e