Leishmania tropica-induced cutaneous and presumptive concomitant viscerotropic leishmaniasis with prolonged incubation.

Background: Leishmaniasis includes a spectrum of diseases caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. The disease is traditionally classified into visceral, cutaneous, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, depending on clinical characteristics as well as the species involved. Leishmania tropica is one of the causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis, with a typical incubation period of weeks to months. Observation We describe a 17-year-old Afghani girl who had lived in the United States for 4 years and who presented with a 6-month history of pretibial ulcerations, 9.1-kg weight loss, abdominal pain, splenomegaly, and extreme fatigue. Histopathologic examination and culture with isoenzyme electrophoresis speciation of her skin lesions confirmed the presence of L tropica. In addition, results of serum laboratory and serological studies were highly suggestive of concomitant visceral involvement. The patient was treated with a 28-day course of intravenous pentavalent antimonial compound sodium stibogluconate with complete resolution of her systemic signs and symptoms and improvement of her pretibial ulcerations.
Conclusions: This is an exceptional case in that our patient presented with disease after an incubation period of years rather than the more typical weeks to months. In addition, this patient had confirmed cutaneous involvement, as well as strong evidence of viscerotropic disease caused by L tropica, a species that characteristically displays dermotropism, not viscerotropism.