beta-Adrenergic receptor modulation of wound repair.

Adrenergic receptors and their downstream effector molecules are expressed in all cell types in the skin, and it is only recently that functionality of the catecholamine agonist activated signaling in the cutaneous repair process has been revealed. In addition to responding to systemic elevations in catecholamines (as in stress situations) or to pharmacologically administered adrenergic agonists, epidermal keratinocytes themselves can synthesize catecholamine ligands. They also respond to these systemic or self-generated agonists via receptor mediated signaling, resulting in altered migration, and changes in wound re-epithelialization. Endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, dermal fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells, all cells that contribute to the wound repair process, express multiple subtypes of adrenergic receptors and exhibit responses that can be either contribute or impair healing-and occasionally, depending on the species and assay conditions, results can be conflicting. There is still much to be uncovered regarding how this self-contained autocrine and paracrine signaling system contributes to cutaneous wound repair.