Influence of the apical ligand in the thermotropic mesomorphism of cationic copper-based surfactants.

A new pyridine-based bidentate ligand L (PyC18) was used to develop copper-containing surfactants that exhibit mesomorphism. Complexes [(L (PyC18)) 2Cu (II)Y]Y were synthesized, where Y is an anionic ligand bromo ( 1), nitrato ( 2), or perchlorato ( 3). The nature of these apical ligands determines the mesogenic behavior of 1- 3: The smallest bromo-substituted species 1 shows a metastable liquid crystalline phase at 110 degrees C, the nitrato-substituted 2 increases the transition temperature to 136 degrees C, and the bulky perchlorato-substituted 3 shows reversible mesophases at 153 degrees C. The behavior of these complexes shows similarities and suggests that at low temperatures the crystals of these compounds are bilayered structures with interdigitated alkyl tails. At higher temperatures the tails undergo rapid conformational changes that force these layers to swell until the opposing alkyl chains are separated from each other, and the mesophase is a monolayer smectic A. Small changes in the geometry of cationic mesogens can be imposed by the presence of apically coordinated anions, allowing for tuning in the properties of the resulting mesophases.