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Aerobic biodegradability of the calcium channel antagonist verapamil and identification of a microbial dead-end transformation product studied by LC-MS/MS.
- Source :
-
Chemosphere [Chemosphere] 2008 Jun; Vol. 72 (3), pp. 442-50. Date of Electronic Publication: 2008 Apr 08. - Publication Year :
- 2008
-
Abstract
- In recent years pharmaceuticals and personal care products have been detected in increasing concentrations in hospital effluents, sewage treatment plants (STP) as well as in different environmental compartments such as surface water, groundwater and soil. Little is known about the elimination of these substances during sewage treatment or about the formation of potential metabolites in the environment caused by bacterial biotransformation. To assess the biodegradability of the popular cardiovascular drug verapamil and the possible formation of potential microbial degradation products, two tests from the OECD series were used in the present study: the widely used Closed Bottle test (OECD 301 D) and the modified Zahn-Wellens test (OECD 302 B). In the Closed Bottle test, a screening test that simulates the conditions of an environmental surface water compartment, no biological degradation was observed for verapamil at concentrations of 2.33mgl(-1). In the Zahn-Wellens test, a test for inherent biodegradability which allows evaluation of aerobic degradation at high bacterial density, only a partial biological degradation was found. Analysis of test samples by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to multiple stage mass spectrometry (HPLC-MSn) revealed 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-isopropyl-5-(methylamino)pentane nitrile, already known as D617 (Knoll nomenclature), a metabolite of mammalian metabolism, which is the major degradation product and dead-end transformation product of aerobic degradation of verapamil.
- Subjects :
- Aerobiosis
Bacteria growth & development
Bacteria metabolism
Biodegradation, Environmental
Calcium Channel Blockers chemistry
Molecular Structure
Nitriles chemistry
Nitriles metabolism
Sewage microbiology
Verapamil analogs & derivatives
Verapamil chemistry
Calcium Channel Blockers metabolism
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods
Tandem Mass Spectrometry methods
Verapamil metabolism
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 0045-6535
- Volume :
- 72
- Issue :
- 3
- Database :
- MEDLINE
- Journal :
- Chemosphere
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 18400247
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.02.022