Artemisolide is a typical inhibitor of IkappaB kinase beta targeting cysteine-179 residue and down-regulates NF-kappaB-dependent TNF-alpha expression in LPS-activated macrophages.

Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB regulates a central common signaling for immunity and cell survival. Artemisolide (ATM) was previously isolated as a NF-kappaB inhibitor from a plant of Artemisia asiatica. However, molecular basis of ATM on NF-kappaB activation remains to be defined. Here, we demonstrate that ATM is a typical inhibitor of IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta), resulting in inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-kappaB activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages. ATM inhibited the kinase activity of highly purified IKKbeta and also LPS-induced IKK activity in the cells. Moreover, the effect of ATM on IKKbeta activity was completely abolished by substitution of Cys-179 residue of IKKbeta to Ala residue, indicating direct targeting site of ATM. ATM could inhibit IkappaBalpha phosphorylation in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells and subsequently prevent NF-kappaB activation. Further, we demonstrate that ATM down-regulates NF-kappaB-dependent TNF-alpha expression. Taken together, this study provides a pharmacological potential of ATM in NF-kappaB-dependent inflammatory disorders.