Congestive heart failure-related anemia and a role for erythropoietin.

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common clinical problem, especially affecting the elderly. Current strategies of neurohormonal blockade with medications like angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have improved morbidity and mortality, but further improvement in outcomes requires new strategies. Both anemia and chronic renal disease commonly accompany congestive heart failure; their close relationship, in which one disease exacerbates the other, has been termed the cardio-renal-anemia syndrome. Correction of anemia in CHF patients using recombinant erythropoietin is feasible; small studies suggest that anemic congestive heart failure patients may have improved morbidity with this therapy. Recent animal and human studies of erythropoietin have shown that its benefit may be derived from both hematological and newly discovered non-hematological properties. Anemia might soon be considered a modifiable risk factor for optimal CHF management.