Insights into amputee running. A muscle work analysis.

Five young, active, unilateral below knee amputees wearing the SACH prosthetic foot, and six normal subjects participated in the study. Subjects ran at a controlled velocity of 2.8 m/s +/- 10% over a ground reaction force plate while being filmed with a video camera. Joint moments, power outputs and mechanical work characteristics were then calculated. During stance phase the amputee prosthetic limb exhibited a marked reduction in total work. There was a reduction in the mechanical work at the knee and the prosthetic foot/ankle with a compensatory increase in mechanical work by the hip musculature. The intact stance phase limb mechanical work characteristics were not significantly different from normal. The hip flexors were the only muscle group in the swing phase prosthetic limb with a significant increase in muscle work compared with normal subjects. The intact swing phase limb in contrast exhibited a marked increase in concentric muscle work by the hip flexors and eccentric muscle work by the knee flexors in early swing phase, and an increase in concentric hip extensor and eccentric knee flexor muscle work in late swing phase. The major compensatory patterns, therefore, that allow below knee amputees to run appear to be an increase in stance phase hip muscle work on the prosthetic limb and increased hip and knee muscle work on the intact limb during swing phase.