Sexually transmitted infection and blood-borne virus screening in juvenile correctional facilities: a review of the literature and recommendations for Australian centres.

Background: Juveniles in custody are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI) and blood-borne viruses (BBV) due to high rates of risk behaviours.
Methods: A literature review was undertaken with the aim of providing evidence-based recommendations on STI/BBV screening in Australian juvenile correctional facilities. Relevant research was identified using Premedline and Medline databases, followed by a manual search of reference lists in relevant articles identified in the database search. A total of 36 relevant publications were identified and reviewed.
Results: STI/BBV knowledge in incarcerated youth is poor and accompanied by high rates of sexual and blood-borne risk behaviours. The prevalence of these infections is considerable. High rates of asymptomatic gonococcal and chlamydial infections exist, which can be easily diagnosed on self-collected specimens using new nucleic acid amplification technology. HIV infections are rare although continued vigilance is needed in view of substantial risk factors for infection. Hepatitis C prevalence is high, although much lower than that of adult prisoners, signifying a possible window of opportunity for Hepatitis C prevention. Many remain at risk of Hepatitis B, and it is important to assess the need for vaccination in this group.
Conclusion: Screening for STI/BBV in incarcerated juveniles is of major public health importance and all individuals should be offered screening in conjunction with risk-reduction education during their admission to juvenile detention centres.