Percutaneous thermal ablation for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy.

Background: Tumour ablation using a thermal energy source has shown promising results, and is particularly suitable for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study evaluated long-term outcomes after percutaneous thermal ablation for recurrent HCC following liver resection.
Methods: Radiofrequency ablation or microwave ablation was used to treat a total of 124 tumour nodules (0.9-7.0 cm in diameter) in 72 patients with recurrent HCC.
Results: Complete ablation of 119 (96.0 per cent) of 124 tumour nodules was achieved. There was no treatment-related death and the major complication rate was 4 per cent. During a mean(s.d.) follow-up of 27.9(17.8) months, local recurrence developed in 16 (13.6 per cent) of 118 successfully treated tumour nodules. Distant recurrence developed in 60 (85 per cent) of 71 patients, of whom 26 had repeat metachronous distant recurrence. With repeated ablation for both local and distant recurrence, the 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates after initial ablation were 75, 43 and 18 per cent respectively. Patients with a serum alpha-fetoprotein level greater than 200 ng/ml before treatment had significantly poorer survival than those with a lower level (P = 0.034) and multivariate analysis identified preablation AFP level as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.054).
Conclusion: With their advantages of preservation of non-tumorous liver tissue and easy repetition, percutaneous thermal ablative therapies were particularly suitable for recurrent HCC and improved long-term survival.