Cardiovascular risk in chronic renal disease and transplantation prevention and management.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single best predictor of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and in kidney transplant recipients. These populations are considered to be at extraordinarily high risk for CVD and its complications. On the other hand, renal dysfunction should be considered as a CVD risk factor. The management of CVD in patients with chronic kidney disease is a special challenge for clinicians. In this article, major risk factors for CVD are presented, as well as diagnosis of coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes, its treatment modalities (pharmacological therapy and coronary revascularisation procedures), and outcomes in patients with chronic renal failure and kidney allograft recipients.