Moyse Charas, Francesco Redi, the Viper and the Royal Society of London.

We have described the 17th century dispute on the nature of the poison of the viper and its possible use as an antidote which arose between published in Britain at that time. We have also seen the reciprocal interest of Charas and members of the Royal Society in each other's work, and how Charas settled in England for a few years at the time of discrimination against the Huguenots in France. We prefer to leave any conclusions from this story to individual readers. However the dispute seems to be part of a transition from an animate view of the world to one where empirical methods do not appear to need to invoke 'spirits'. The story also seems to illustrate the limitation of experiments there can still be disagreement. If there is a the feeling that the subject is of interest, we can broaden it to cover scientific exchanges and connections between British and French Scholars in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry in the 17th and 18th centuries. At that time a number of pharmacists and scientists moved or corresponded between the two countries influencing one another. That was when modern chemistry gradually evolved out of traditional origins.