Achromatic transparency and the role of local contours.

In this paper we investigate the role of contours and junctions in the perception of single-plane achromatic transparency. In order to measure the accuracy with which observers encode transparency, a six-luminance stimulus was employed in which the figural properties could be easily manipulated. Accuracy was measured by requiring subjects to select (either by the method of adjustment or by using a forced-choice procedure) the luminance that best completed a simulated transparent filter. The X junctions in the stimulus were destroyed or perturbed in three experiments. Simple occlusion of the junction (experiment 1), and perturbation of the orientation of the contours of the filter as they pass through the junction (experiment 3) resulted in small but significant reductions in performance. On the other hand, a sudden change in orientation of the background (material) contours (experiment 2) resulted in a small but significant enhancement of overall performance compared with the control stimulus. In the forced-choice task, reversals in the polarity of contours (as defined by the brightness order of flanking regions) around the junction were shown to effect large changes in subjects' accuracy in processing transparency. The overall results show that X and Psi junctions are indeed salient properties of transparent stimuli. The findings suggest that jagged contours with sudden changes in direction are more likely to be attributed to reflectance (material) changes than to changes due to a transparent filter (or to illumination).