Individual and neighbourhood determinants of health care utilization. Implications for health policy and resource allocation.

Objectives: To investigate the importance of both individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics for health care utilization.
Methods: Various linkage procedures generated a longitudinal dataset with information on 2,116 Nova Scotians, their residential neighbourhoods, 8 years of health care utilization and vital status. Unilevel and multilevel regression analyses were employed to examine the effects of both individual and neighbourhood characteristics on health care use.
Results: Individual income and education determined physician and hospital use. Also, neighbourhood characteristics, specifically average income and percentage of single mother families, were found to determine health care use. When considering individual and neighbourhood characteristics simultaneously, individual income and education determined physician and hospital use independently, while neighbourhood income determined physician use independently.
Conclusions: Both individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics determine health care use. Acknowledging this allows better targeting of health policy and planning, and enables more accurate needs-based resource allocation.